Why Nobel Prize Missed The Indian Physicist S.N. Bose

The particle Boson named after famous Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose which work in a different way than fermions in many respects particularly the Pauli's exclusion principle.

Bosons are particles which obeys Bose-Einstein statistics. Bosons have a  quantum spin with contains integer values. Bosons are force carriers and many physical interactions happen through bosons for example the electromagnetic interactions happen through photon and similarly the strong nuclear force through gluon ,the weak interactions through W and Z bosons.

What essentially Bose theory says that photons of same energy look alike and you can not distinguish between them and unlike ferminons they can occupy the same states which resulted in many phenomena like laser and Bose-Einstein condensate.

Bose derived Planck's law  for  black  body radiation  without  recourse  to  classical physics and sent the paper to Einstein for publication in Zeitscrift fur Physik. Einstein got it published after translating into German language.

The publication led to recognition, and Bose was granted a leave of absence to work in Europe for two years. He first went to France worked in the laboratory of the renowned scientist Madame Curie after that went to Berlin worked on X-ray crystallography, where he met greatest physicists of the time including Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger.

Though boson was named after Bose by Paul Dirac but was not awarded the prestigious Noble Prize which he thoroughly deserved. In July 2012 New York Times article in which Bose is described as the Father of the God particle.  

Why Water In A Pot Cools

Why water in a pot cools not just in a pot in any material container the liquids cools with time. The reason evaporation. but the question is why evaporation takes place and what it does it to the liquid.

In a liquid molecules have different energies(kinetic energy). The molecules which have energies greater than the activation energy undergo transformation or evaporate thereby the total energy of the system in this case the water decreases as the energy and temperature are related in fact directly proportional to temperature.The total temperature of the system decrease and makes it much cooler.

                            E= 3/2 KT

Where K is Boltzmann Constant, and T Temperture.

Now let us define what is activation energy.Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation or physical transport.

so to explain the cooling process in terms of activation energy, all the molecules having energies greater than activation energy will evaporate and the total energy of the system decreases and hence the liquid cools.

Catalysts also work in the same way. When you add a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction what it does is it decreases the activation energy and therefore more molecules will participate in the reaction and thereby increasing the rate of reaction. In a similar way a reaction can be slowed by adding a negative catalyst which increases the activation energy and hence only fewer molecules will take part in the reaction.

Importance Of Proton Decay For GUT

Proton and neutrons behave in totally different ways though they are almost have same mass ( Neutron slightly heavier than proton). In nucleus Neutron decays into proton ,electron and electron antineutrino and is called beta negative decay.This involves a weak nuclear force and hence uses the W- boson for the decay process.The other type beta positive decay involves a proton converting into neutron ,a positron and an electron neutrino. Here also the decay is carried out by the weak nuclear force but uses W+ boson instead of W- . 

These process happen inside a nucleus . Outside the nucleus a single neutron decay within 15 minutes but proton doesn't decay and there is no experimental proof so far and it estimated that the life time of proton is extremely high 1034  years. Since a proton converts into a neutron which is slightly heavier than proton some energy has to be converted into mass which is not possible outside the nucleus.

Super-Kamiokande experiment to find a proton decay is still elusive and this experiment is very crucial for GUT (Grand unification theory). In fact Japan is building even a bigger hyper-Kamiokande detector for finding a proton decay.   

Similarities Between An Atom And A Star

There is lot of similarity between an atom and a star. In an atom the coulomb repulsive forces between the protons in the nucleus are balanced by the strong nuclear forces. The strong nuclear force is created between nucleons by the exchange of particles called mesons. As long as meson exchange can happen the strong force is able to hold the participating nucleons .The nucleons must be extremely close together at a distance of 1 Fermi( 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁵ meters) in order for this exchange to happen.,

 

Where as in a star the gravitational contraction is balanced by the nuclear fusion where hydrogen fuses to produce helium and releases enormous energy. This energy stops the gravitational contraction.

When a new star is born gravitational contraction happens which creates very high temperatures at the core when the temperature raises to 100 million degrees the fusion reaction takes place and the energy released balances the gravity push and the gravitational contraction stops.

Therefore its quite reasonable to expect a single theory or equations describing the gravity and quantum theory or quantum gravity. 

Many unanswered questions in cosmology

The Big Bang a unproved conjecture happened 13.8 Billions years ago, assuming that it really happened, Big Bang started from singularity which arises from using Einstein’s equations for gravity. Its very very long time ago, many things or process might have happened and they don't  exits now .The only resources we have to find what happened 13.8 Billions back are the telescope however sensitive it may be and the light (electromagnetic waves) . These tools may not be enough to predict what happened since Big Bang. To correctly predict all the events that have happened right from the Big Bang we need to have all or most of the recordings of all the events which is almost impossible.

Whether why matter dominated the antimatter or who turned on the Higgs field to give the mass to the particles are very difficult or almost impossible to predict. 

Many more questions remained unanswered ,what was there before Big Bang, what caused Big Bang and do we have single universe or multi-universe. The dark matter and dark energy still a mystery . Finally how universe is going to end in a big crunch or ripped apart because of endless expansion. 

We are still in search of a single theory often referred to "theory of everything" which can combine both Einstein general theory of relativity which applies to large structures of universe and the quantum theory which applies to subatomic particles. A single theory which unifies all the fundamental forces of universe. I mean quantum gravity .

The most important fact is that many process are difficult to replicate in laboratory. But scientific endeavor continues.